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Ring sites 1. Church-Turing Thesis   Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand outlines this frequently misunderstood thesis. plato.stanford.edu 2. Bosanquet, Bernard   William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University introduces the absolute idealist. plato.stanford.edu 3. Bradley, F. H.   By Stewart Candlish of the University of Western Australia. plato.stanford.edu 4. Logical Constructions   Bernard Linsky, University of Alberta. plato.stanford.edu 5. Category Theory   Jean-Pierre Marquis of the University of Montreal introduces the general mathematical theory of structures and systems of structures. plato.stanford.edu 6. Cognitive Science   The study of mind and intelligence. By Paul Thagard of the University of Waterloo. plato.stanford.edu 7. Color   Metaphysical and epistemological accounts of color. By Barry Maund of the University of Western Australia. plato.stanford.edu 8. Connectionism   Movement in cognitive science which hopes to explain human intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks. By James W. Garson of the University of Houston. plato.stanford.edu 9. Donald Davidson   Jeff Malpas of the University of Tamania. plato.stanford.edu 10. Dialetheism   Dialeth(e)ism is the view that there are true contradictions. By Graham Priest of the University of Queensland. plato.stanford.edu 11. Existence   By Barry Miller. plato.stanford.edu 12. Paul Feyerabend   Biographical and expository essay by John Preston of Reading University. plato.stanford.edu 13. Gottlob Frege   Edward N. Zalta of the Metaphysics Research Lab. plato.stanford.edu 14. Game Theory   Neumann and Morgensterns mathematical theory of bargaining, introduced by Don Ross University of Cape Town. plato.stanford.edu 15. Hegel, G. W. F.   Paul Redding of the University of Sydney. plato.stanford.edu 16. Holes   Short article by Roberto Casati of the École Polytechnique and Achille C. Varzi of Columbia. plato.stanford.edu 17. Søren Kierkegaard   Essay about Kierkegaard's life, work, and philosophy by William McDonald. plato.stanford.edu 18. The Identity of Indiscernibles   Peter Forrest introduces the principle of analytic ontology formulated by Leibniz, stating that no two distinct substances exactly resemble each other. plato.stanford.edu 19. The Language of Thought Hypothesis   By Murat Aydede, surveying the arguments for and against the proposition that thoughts are expressed in a mental language. plato.stanford.edu 20. Liberalism   Gerald F. Gaus outlines the general philosophical theory of liberalism. plato.stanford.edu 21. Arthur Prior   Detailed biographical article by B. Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury. plato.stanford.edu 22. Maritain, Jacques   By William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University. plato.stanford.edu 23. Miracles   Exploring Hume's argument and the religious significance. By Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia. plato.stanford.edu 24. Mental Imagery   By Nigel Thomas of Leeds University. plato.stanford.edu 25. Friedrich Nietzsche   Robert Wicks, University of Auckland. plato.stanford.edu 26. Multiple Realizability   John Bickle discusses the contention that a given mental kind (property, state, event) is realized by distinct physical kinds. plato.stanford.edu 27. Ontological Arguments   Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premisses which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation of the world. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Graham Oppy. plato.stanford.edu 28. Original Position   The original position is a hypothetical situation in which rational calculators, acting as agents or trustees for the interests of concrete individuals, are pictured as choosing those principles of social relations under which their principals would do best. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Fred D'Agostino. plato.stanford.edu 29. Pantheism   Definition of Pantheism by Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia. plato.stanford.edu 30. Pascal's wager   An argument due to Blaise Pascal for believing, or for at least taking steps to believe, in God. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Alan Hájek. plato.stanford.edu 31. Karl Popper   By Stephen Thornton from the University of Limerick. plato.stanford.edu 32. Principia Mathematica   Entry by A.D. Irvine discussing Russell and Whitehead's treatise. plato.stanford.edu 33. Prisoner's Dilemma   By Steven T. Kuhn of Georgetown University. plato.stanford.edu 34. Private Language   By Stewart Candlish from the University of Western Australia. plato.stanford.edu 35. Qualia   Qualia are introspectively accessible, phenomenal aspects of our mental lives. By Michael Tye. plato.stanford.edu 36. Russell, Bertrand   By A. D. Irvine. plato.stanford.edu 37. Russell's Paradox   By A. D. Irvine. plato.stanford.edu 38. Wilfrid Sellars   By Jay F. Rosenberg. plato.stanford.edu 39. Sorites Paradox   By Dominic Hyde. plato.stanford.edu 40. Square of Opposition   By Terence Parsons. plato.stanford.edu 41. Stoicism   Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. By Dirk Baltzly. plato.stanford.edu 42. Thought Experiments   By James Robert Brown, University of Toronto. plato.stanford.edu 43. Tropes   An article describing tropes by John Bacon. plato.stanford.edu 44. Turing Machine   Article on Turing Machines from the Stanford Encyclopedia. plato.stanford.edu 45. Vagueness   By Roy Sorensen. plato.stanford.edu 46. Alfred North Whitehead   By A. D. Irvine. plato.stanford.edu 47. Thomas Aquinas   Biographical and expository essay, by Ralph McInerny. plato.stanford.edu 48. Artifact   By Risto Hilpinen of the University of Miami. plato.stanford.edu 49. Aristotle's Political Theory   By Fred D. Miller, Jr of Bowling Green State University. plato.stanford.edu 50. Medieval Theories of Conscience   The ability to act on the determinations of conscience is tied to the development of the moral virtues, which in turn refines the functions of conscience. By Doug Langston of the University of South Florida. plato.stanford.edu 51. Causal Processes   Bertrand Russell, Wesley Salmon, and conserved quantities. By Phil Dowe of the University of Tasmania. plato.stanford.edu 52. Probabilistic Causation   designates a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory. A primary motivation for the development of such theories is the desire for a theory of causation that does not presuppose physical determinism. plato.stanford.edu 53. Animal Consciousness   M, addressing the qualitative or phenomenological nature of experience. plato.stanford.edu 54. Cosmology and Theology   Deals with the cosmological argument. By John Leslie of the University of Guelph. plato.stanford.edu 55. Descartes' Epistemology   By Lex Newman of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. plato.stanford.edu 56. Mental Representation   According to the Representational Theory of Mind, psychological states are to be understood as relations between agents and mental representations. By David Pitt, CUNY. plato.stanford.edu 57. Saint Augustine   By Michael Mendelson of Lehigh University. plato.stanford.edu 58. Aristotle's Logic   syllogistic, and dialectic. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robin Smith. plato.stanford.edu 59. Modal Logic   Originally the study of deductive behavior of the expressions `it is necessary that' and `it is possible that', now also includes logics for belief, tense, the deontic (moral) expressions. By James W. Garson, University of Houston. plato.stanford.edu 60. Time Travel and Modern Physics   Survey of philosophical woories about inconsistencies inherent in the idea of time travel in the context of modern physics. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Tim Maudlin. plato.stanford.edu 61. Propositional Attitude Reports   Explores semantic accounts of propositional attitude reports, and some of the theories developed to deal with Frege's puzzle. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Thomas J. McKay. plato.stanford.edu 62. Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory   Assesses the metaphysical implications of quantum theory by considering the impact of the theory on our understanding of objects as individuals with well defined identity conditions. By Steven French of Leeds University. plato.stanford.edu 63. War   Article on the ethics of war and peace, the Just War theory, and pacificsm. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Brian D. Orend. plato.stanford.edu 64. Infinitary Logic   Infinitary Logic is a branch of formal logic where finitary formulae are replaced by potentially infinitary mathematical entities. By John L. Bell. plato.stanford.edu 65. William Godwin   Article on the life and work of the founder of philosophical anarchism. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Mark Philp. plato.stanford.edu 66. The Identity Theory of Mind   Evaluates the theory that holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain. By J. J. C. Smart of Monash. plato.stanford.edu 67. Aristotle's Psychology   By Christopher Shields of the University of Colorado. plato.stanford.edu 68. Temporal Logic   The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on the subject, with a detailed description, application areas and a bibliography. plato.stanford.edu 69. Medieval Theories of Analogy   By E. Jennifer Ashworth of the University of Waterloo. plato.stanford.edu 70. Divine Illumination   Augustine's doctrine described by Robert Pasnau of the University of Colorado. plato.stanford.edu 71. Peter John Olivi   Life and work of one of the most original and interesting philosophers of the later Middle Ages. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robert Pasnau. plato.stanford.edu 72. Logical Form   Introduction to logical form, surface and deep meaning. By Paul M. Pietroski, University of Maryland. plato.stanford.edu 73. Measurement in Quantum Theory   Study of the details and some of the implications of the measurement problem. By Henry Krips of the University of Pittsburgh. plato.stanford.edu 74. Properties   Entry in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy by Chris Swoyer. Principally concerned with existence and identity conditions. plato.stanford.edu 75. Intuitionistic Logic   The principles L. E. J. Brouwer used in developing his intuitionistic mathematics. By Joan R. Moschovakis, UCLA. plato.stanford.edu 76. Richard the Sophister   Richardus Sophista was an English philosopher/logician who studied at Oxford most likely sometime during the second quarter of the thirteenth century. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Paul Streveler. plato.stanford.edu 77. Nineteenth Century Geometry   By Roberto Torretti, Universidad de Chile. plato.stanford.edu 78. Holism and Nonseparability in Physics   Comprehensive article by Richard Healey of the University of Arizona. plato.stanford.edu 79. Epiphenomenalism   Discusses the view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but have no effects upon any physical events. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by William S. Robinson. plato.stanford.edu 80. The Hole Argument   The hole argument is an attempt to illustrate how spacetime substantivalism causes errors in a large class of spacetime theories. By John D. Norton of the University of Pittsburgh. plato.stanford.edu 81. Medieval Theories of Modality   By Simo Knuuttila of the University of Helsinki. plato.stanford.edu 82. Philip the Chancellor   Life and work of this 13th-century philosopher, theologian, and lyric poet. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Colleen McCluskey. plato.stanford.edu 83. Saint Anselm   By Thomas Williams, University of Iowa. plato.stanford.edu 84. Many-Valued Logic   Survey article on multiple-valued logics, by Siegfried Gottwaldof of Leipzig University. plato.stanford.edu 85. Actualism   The thesis that there are no merely possible entities; by Christopher Menzel. plato.stanford.edu 86. Behaviorism   By George Graham of University of Alabama at Birmingham. plato.stanford.edu 87. Teleological Notions in Biology   M. plato.stanford.edu 88. Frege's Logic, Theorem, and Foundations for Arithmetic   By Edward N. Zalta of Stanford University. plato.stanford.edu 89. Contractarianism   By Ann E. Cudd, University of Kansas. plato.stanford.edu 90. Representational Theories of Consciousness   By William Lycan, University of North Carolina. plato.stanford.edu 91. Voluntary Euthanasia   By Robert Young, La Trobe University. plato.stanford.edu 92. Virtue Epistemology   By John Greco of Fordham. plato.stanford.edu 93. Feminist Ethics   By Rosemarie Tong, Davidson College. plato.stanford.edu 94. Feminist Perspectives on the Self   By Diana Meyers of the University of Connecticut. plato.stanford.edu 95. Folk Psychology as Mental Simulation   By Robert M. Gordon, University of Missouri. plato.stanford.edu 96. Folk Psychology as a Theory   By Ian Ravenscroft, the Flinders University of South Australia. plato.stanford.edu 97. Distributive Justice   By Julian Lamont, University of Queensland. plato.stanford.edu 98. Public Justification   By Fred D'Agostino, University of New England, Australia. plato.stanford.edu 99. Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind   By Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin. plato.stanford.edu 100. Leibniz on the Problem of Evil   Marshall College. plato.stanford.edu 101. Relevance Logic   By Edwin D. Mares, Victoria University of Wellington. plato.stanford.edu 102. Paraconsistent Logic   By Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka. plato.stanford.edu 103. Informal Logic   By Leo Groarke, Wilfrid Laurier University. plato.stanford.edu 104. Substructural Logics   By Greg Restall of Macquarie University. plato.stanford.edu 105. Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics   By Mark Colyvan, University of Tasmania. plato.stanford.edu 106. Constructive Mathematics   By Douglas Bridges from Waikato University. plato.stanford.edu 107. Inconsistent Mathematics   By Chris Mortensen, University of Adelaide. plato.stanford.edu 108. The Philosophy of Neuroscience   By John Bickle and Peter Mandik. plato.stanford.edu 109. The St. Petersburg Paradox   By Robert M. Martin, Dalhousie University. plato.stanford.edu 110. Peirce's Logic   By Eric M. Hammer of Stanford. plato.stanford.edu 111. Experiments in Physics   By Allan Franklin, University of Colorado. plato.stanford.edu 112. Reichenbach's Common Cause Principle   By Frank Arntzenius of Rutgers. plato.stanford.edu 113. Singular Propositions   Propositions about a particular object or individual in virtue of having the object or individual as a constituent of the proposition. By G. W. Fitch. plato.stanford.edu 114. Structured Propositions   To say that propositions are structured is to say that they are complex entities, entities having parts or constituents. By Jeffrey C. King. plato.stanford.edu 115. Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics   Describes Everett's attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from the standard von Neumann-Dirac theory of quantum mechanics. By Jeffrey A. Barrett. plato.stanford.edu 116. Historicist Theories of Rationality   By Carl Matheson of the University of Manitoba. plato.stanford.edu 117. The Epistemology of Religion   By Peter Forrest. plato.stanford.edu 118. Ancient Skepticism   Two movements in ancient philosophy, Pyrrhonism, and Academic Skepticism. By Leo Groarke. plato.stanford.edu 119. Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract   By Fred D'Agostino. plato.stanford.edu 120. Conventionality of Simultaneity   By Allen I. Janis, University of Pittsburgh. plato.stanford.edu 121. Supertasks   Introduced by Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia from the University of the Basque Country. plato.stanford.edu 122. Coherence Theory of Truth   The truth of any (true) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified set of propositions. By James O. Young. plato.stanford.edu 123. Deflationary Theory of Truth   According to the deflationary theory of truth, to assert that a statement is true is just to assert the statement itself. By Daniel Stoljar. plato.stanford.edu 124. Identity Theory of Truth   When a truth-bearer is true, there is a truth-maker with which it is identical and the truth of the former consists in its identity with the latter. By Stewart Candlish. plato.stanford.edu 125. Revision Theory of Truth   Theory developed to analyze paradoxes that appear to show that common-sense beliefs about truth are inconsistent. By Eric M. Hammer. plato.stanford.edu 126. John Locke   Influential 17th century British political philosopher. plato.stanford.edu 127. Personal Identity   How does a person stay the same person over time? By Eric T. Olson. plato.stanford.edu 128. Egalitarianism   The view that people should get the same or be treated the same; by Richard Arneson. plato.stanford.edu 129. William of Ockham   Occam (1287-1347) was one of the most important philosophers of the Middle Ages. By Paul Vincent Spade. plato.stanford.edu 130. Timon of Phlius   Timon (c. 320-230 BC) was the younger contemporary and leading disciple of Pyrrho; by Richard Bett. plato.stanford.edu 131. Homosexuality   Philosophical issues in homosexuality and queer theory; by Brent Pickett. plato.stanford.edu 132. Pyrrho   The life and work of the founder of Pyrrhonism; by Richard Bett. plato.stanford.edu 133. Identity Politics   History of the political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of injustice of members of certain social groups; by Cressida Heyes. plato.stanford.edu 134. Naturalism in Legal Philosophy   Discusses naturalistic theses in the philosophy of law; by Brian Leiter. plato.stanford.edu 135. Set Theory   Survey of the mathematical theory of the infinite; by Thomas Jech. plato.stanford.edu 136. Realism   Survey of realism and anti-realism in various forms; by Alexander Miller. plato.stanford.edu 137. The Mathematics of Boolean Algebra   Survey of the algebra of two-valued logic; by J. Donald Monk. plato.stanford.edu 138. Species   Philosophical theories on what makes a species; by Marc Ereshefsky. plato.stanford.edu 139. Confucius   The life and work of the Chinese philosopher and educatory; by Jeffrey Riegel. plato.stanford.edu 140. Theological Voluntarism   Survey of divine command theory; by Mark Murphy. plato.stanford.edu 141. Immutability   The doctrine that God cannot undergo real change; by Brian Leftow. plato.stanford.edu 142. Johann Georg Hamann   Life and work of this German Enlightenment philosopher; by Gwen Griffith-Dickson. plato.stanford.edu 143. Max Stirner   Life and work of German philosopher of egoism; by David Leopold. plato.stanford.edu 144. Consciousness and Intentionality   Discussion of the connection between phenomenal consciousness and intentionality; by Charles Siewert. plato.stanford.edu 145. Globalization   Social theory and philosophy issues in globalization; by William Scheuerman. plato.stanford.edu 146. Moral Skepticism   Survey of forms of scepticism about moral knowledge; Walter Sinnott-Armstrong. plato.stanford.edu 147. Scientific Realism   The thesis that science discovers truths about a theory-independent reality; by Richard Boyd. plato.stanford.edu 148. Environmental Ethics   Branch of ethics dealing with the moral relationship of humans to the environment; by Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo. plato.stanford.edu 149. Alan M. Turing   Life and work of philosopher and mathematician Alan Mathison Turing; by Andrew Hodges. plato.stanford.edu 150. Personal Autonomy   Survey of philosophical theories about what it is to govern oneself; by Sarah Buss. plato.stanford.edu 151. Nicolas Malebranche   Life and work of French Cartesian philosopher; by Tad Schmaltz. plato.stanford.edu 152. Death   Discussion of philosophical issues about death; by Steven Luper. plato.stanford.edu 153. The Biological Notion of Self and Non-self   History and discussion of the notion of the immune self; by Alfred Tauber. plato.stanford.edu 154. Omnipotence   The theistic thesis that God has maximal power; by Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz. plato.stanford.edu 155. Cosmology: Methodological Debates 1932-48   Discusses philosophical views about cosmology in the 1930s and 1940s; by George Gale. plato.stanford.edu 156. Doing vs. Allowing Harm   Views on the moral difference between doing harm and allowing harm; by Frances Howard-Snyder. plato.stanford.edu 157. Desert   Moral issues of desert (punishment, success) and justice; by Owen McLeod. plato.stanford.edu 158. Privacy   Survey of philosophical views about privacy; by Judith DeCew. plato.stanford.edu 159. Modal Fictionalism   Survey of the view that claims of necessity and possibility are to be construed as fictional claims; by Daniel Nolan. plato.stanford.edu 160. Philosophy and Christian Theology   Discussion of philosophical implications of Christian theological views; by Michael Murray. plato.stanford.edu 161. John Buridan   Life and work of late Medieval philosopher; by Jack Zupko. plato.stanford.edu 162. The Correspondence Theory of Truth   The thesis that propositions are made true in virtue of corresponding to facts; by Marian David. plato.stanford.edu 163. Thomas of Erfurt   Life and work of medieval philosopher and member of the Modists; by Jack Zupko. plato.stanford.edu 164. The Epsilon Calculus   Discussion of David Hilbert's development of this type of logical formalism with emphasis on proof-theoretic methods; by Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach. plato.stanford.edu 165. The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics   First interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Nields Bohr; by Jan Faye. plato.stanford.edu 166. Aristotle's Rhetoric   Discussion of one of Aristotle's major works; by Christof Rapp. plato.stanford.edu 167. Philosophy for Children   Discusses introduction of philosophy into the school curriculum; by Michael Pritchard. plato.stanford.edu 168. Zeno's Paradoxes   Discusses the paradoxes of Zeno of Elea, e.g., Achilles and the Tortoise; by Nick Huggett. plato.stanford.edu 169. Determinates vs. Determinables   A distinction introduced by W. E. Johnson to apply, e.g., to red and colored; by David H. Sanford. plato.stanford.edu 170. Events   Survey of philosophical views on the character and status of events; by Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi. plato.stanford.edu 171. Relative Identity   The view that there are objects which are the same F yet not the same G; by Harry Deutsch. plato.stanford.edu 172. The Definition of Morality   Discussion of various descriptive and normative definitions of the term; Bernard Gert. plato.stanford.edu 173. Friedrich Daniel Schleiermacher   Life and work of the 18th century German philosopher; by Michael Forster. plato.stanford.edu 174. Moral Dilemmas   Discusses cases of conflicting moral requirements; by Terrance McConnell. plato.stanford.edu 175. Descartes' Modal Metaphysics   Interpretations of René Descartes' ontology of necessities and possibilities; by David Cunning. plato.stanford.edu 176. Social Dimensions of Scientific Knowledge   Discussess the impact of social relations and values on scientific research; by Helen Longino. plato.stanford.edu 177. Mally's Deontic Logic   Discussion of Ernst Mally's logic of obligation; by Gert-Jan Lokhorst. plato.stanford.edu 178. Finitism in Geometry   Approaches to geometry that do not presuppose an infinity of points; by Jean-Paul van Bendegem. plato.stanford.edu 179. Process Philosophy   View that puts processes at the center of metaphysics; by Nicholas Rescher. plato.stanford.edu 180. Space and Time: Inertial Frames   Frames of reference relative to which motion and rest are measured; by Robert DiSalle. plato.stanford.edu 181. Impartiality   Survey of views on moral impartiality; by Troy Jollimore. plato.stanford.edu 182. The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics   Interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Hugh Everett according to which many universes exist in parallel at the same space and time; by Lev Vaidman. plato.stanford.edu 183. Action   Theories about intentional action and agency; by George Wilson. plato.stanford.edu 184. Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury]   Life and work of 18th century English philosopher; by Michael Gill. plato.stanford.edu 185. Harriet Taylor Mill   Life and work of 19th century English philosopher and proponent of women's rights; by Dale E. Miller. plato.stanford.edu 186. 18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant   Survey of work of, among others, Christian Thomasius and Christian Wolff; by Brigitte Sassen. plato.stanford.edu 187. Justice as a Virtue   Survey of justice as a virtue from Plato to Rawls; by Michael Slote. plato.stanford.edu 188. Bruno Bauer   Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Douglas Moggach. plato.stanford.edu 189. Collapse Theories   Survey of the dynamical reduction program; by Giancarlo Ghirardi. plato.stanford.edu 190. Cosmopolitanism   The view that all human beings belong to a single community; by Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown. plato.stanford.edu 191. Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy   Survey of work of Thomas Hobbes; by Sharon A. Lloyd. plato.stanford.edu 192. George Santayana   Life and work of early 20th century Spanish-born American philosopher; by Herman Saatkamp. plato.stanford.edu 193. Medieval Theories of Properties of Terms   The theories of proprietates terminorum was the basis of medieval semantic theory; by Stephen Read. plato.stanford.edu 194. Relational Quantum Mechanics   An interpretation of quantum theory which discards the notions of absolute state of a system, absolute value of its physical quantities, or absolute event; by Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli. plato.stanford.edu 195. Quantum Logic and Quantum Probability   How quantum mechanics can be regarded as a non-classical probabilistic calculus; by Alexander Wilce. plato.stanford.edu 196. Formal Learning Theory   Discusses mathematical approaches to normative epistemology; by Oliver Schulte. plato.stanford.edu 197. Scottish Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century   Survey of the work of William Hamilton, James Frederick Ferrier, and Alexander Bain; by Gordon Graham. plato.stanford.edu 198. Salomon Maimon   Life and work of contemporary and critic of Kant; by Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed. plato.stanford.edu 199. Robert Boyle   Life and work of 17th century Irish philosopher and physicist; by J. J. McIntosh, University of Calgary. plato.stanford.edu 200. Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science   By Elizabeth Anderson. plato.stanford.edu 201. Incompatibilist (Nondeterministic) Theories of Free Will   By Randolph Clarke. plato.stanford.edu 202. The Experience and Perception of Time   By Robin Le Poidevin. plato.stanford.edu 203. Thomas Reid   Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by Gideon Yaffe. plato.stanford.edu 204. William James   Life and work of 19th century American philosopher; by Russell Goodman. plato.stanford.edu 205. The Medieval Problem of Universals   By Gyula Klima. plato.stanford.edu 206. The Kochen-Specker Theorem   By Carsten Held. plato.stanford.edu 207. Classical Logic   Introduction to classical logic, including completeness and Löwenheim-Skolem theorems; by Stewart Shapiro. plato.stanford.edu 208. Aristotle's Metaphysics   Aristotle's notions of category and substance; by S. Marc Cohen. plato.stanford.edu 209. Feminist History of Philosophy   Survey of feminist writing on the philosophical canon; by Charlotte Witt. plato.stanford.edu 210. Brentanos Theory of Judgement   Discussion of Franz Brentano's foundation for logic and epistemology; by Johannes Brandl. plato.stanford.edu 211. Quantum Mechanics   Survey by Jenann Ismael. plato.stanford.edu 212. The Modern History of Computing   Historical survey from Babbage onward; by B. Jack Copeland. plato.stanford.edu 213. William Whewell   Life and work of 19th century British philosopher; by Laura J. Snyder. plato.stanford.edu 214. Intertheory Relations in Physics   Discussion of theory reduction in science; by Robert Batterman. plato.stanford.edu 215. Legal Punishment   Justifications of legal punishment; by Antony Duff. plato.stanford.edu 216. Disjunction   Theory and history of the binary connective 'or'; by Ray Jennings. plato.stanford.edu 217. Moral Responsibility   Historical survey of the concept of moral responsibility; by Andrew Eshleman. plato.stanford.edu 218. Curry's Paradox   Discussion of a semantic paradox due to Haskell B. Curry; by J. C. Beall. plato.stanford.edu 219. Counterfactual Theories of Causation   Discussion of analysis of causal statements in terms of counterfactual conditionals; by Peter Menzies. plato.stanford.edu 220. Constitutionalism   Philosophical survey of the idea that government should be limited in its powers by law; by Wil Waluchow. plato.stanford.edu 221. Evolutionary Epistemology   Survey of naturalistic epistemology which emphasizes importance of natural selection; by Michael Bradie and William Harms plato.stanford.edu 222. Semantic Challenges to Realism   Realism and the representation problem; by Drew Khlentzos. plato.stanford.edu 223. Dante Alighieri   Life and work of 13th century Italian poet and philosopher; by Winthrop Wetherbee. plato.stanford.edu 224. Albert of Saxony   Life and work of 14th century German logician and philosopher; by Joël Biard. plato.stanford.edu 225. Benjamin Peirce   Life and work of 19th century mathematician and philosopher of mathematics; by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh. plato.stanford.edu 226. Richard Rorty   Life and work of 20th century American philosopher; by Bjørn Ramberg. plato.stanford.edu 227. The Analysis of Knowledge   Survey of analyses of the concept of knowledge, including justified true belief and the Gettier problem; by Matthias Steup. plato.stanford.edu 228. Physicalism   Discussion of the thesis that everything is physical; by Daniel Stoljar. plato.stanford.edu 229. John Austin   Life and work of 19th century British legal philosopher and founder of legal positivism; by Brian Bix. plato.stanford.edu 230. David Hume   Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by William Edward Morris. plato.stanford.edu 231. Social Epistemology   Survey of views on the social dimension of knowledge; by Alvin Goldman. plato.stanford.edu 232. Robert Desgabets   Life and work of 17th century Cartesian philosopher; by Patricia Easton. plato.stanford.edu 233. Francis of Marchia   Life and work of 14th century French theologian; by Christopher Schabel. plato.stanford.edu 234. Equality   Survey of social and political equality; by Stefan Gosepath. plato.stanford.edu 235. The Unity of Consciousness   History and philosophical accounts of unity of consciousness; by Andrew Brook. plato.stanford.edu 236. Higher-order Theories of Consciousness   Theories which explain conscious states by their relations to higher-order representations of them; by Peter Carruthers. plato.stanford.edu 237. Integrity   Discussion of integrity as a virtue term; by Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine. plato.stanford.edu 238. René Descartes' Life and Works   Life and work of 17th century French philosopher; by Kurt Smith. plato.stanford.edu 239. Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics   By Lawrence Sklar. plato.stanford.edu 240. Peter