| 1. | Academy | | | Description of the philosophical institution founded by Plato, which advocated skepticism in succeeding generations.
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| 2. | Active Powers | | | The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy.
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| 3. | Aenesidemus | | | Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism.
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| 4. | Anaxagoras | | | Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form.
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| 5. | Anaxarchus | | | 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus.
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| 6. | Anaximander | | | Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body.
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| 7. | Anaximenes | | | 5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body.
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| 8. | Anselm | | | 11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians.
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| 9. | Antisthenes | | | Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE.
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| 10. | Aquinas, Thomas | | | The life and work of the major figure in scholastic philosophy.
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| 11. | Aristotle | | | The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher.
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| 12. | Augustine | | | Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author.
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| 14. | Bakhtin Circle | | | School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation.
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| 15. | Beccaria, Cesare | | | 18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the Italian criminal justice system.
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| 16. | Behaviorism | | | Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into talk about observable behavior.
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| 17. | Bentham, Jeremy | | | Extensive article on the 18th century 'founder' of utilitarianism.
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| 19. | Berlin Circle | | | Group of academics who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s and later joined up with the Vienna Circle.
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| 21. | Butler, Joseph | | | 18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology.
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| 22. | Caird, Edward | | | Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s.
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| 23. | Capital Punishment | | | The issue of capital punishment involves determining whether the execution of criminals is ever justified.
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| 24. | Carnap, Rudolf | | | Extensive article about his life and work, by Mauro Murzi.
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| 25. | Chinese Room Argument | | | John Searle's thought experiment is one of the best known counters to claims of artificial intelligence.
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| 26. | Chrysippus | | | Prolific stoic of Soli, and disciple of Cleanthes.
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| 28. | Cleanthes | | | Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydia, disciple of Zeno of Citium.
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| 29. | Cudworth, Ralph | | | 17th century 'Cambridge Platonist' who fought for preservation of religious ideals, including divine illumination.
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| 31. | Damon | | | 5th century BCE Pythagorean philosopher of Syracuse.
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| 32. | Davidson, Donald | | | Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and action of the 20th/21st century.
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| 33. | Deism, English | | | Explores the deism of Hobbes, Locke, Tindal, and the influence of Hume.
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| 35. | Democritus | | | 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera who expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus.
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| 36. | Demonax | | | Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School.
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| 37. | Descartes, René | | | Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and philosophical knowledge.
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| 38. | Dewey, John | | | Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism.
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| 39. | Diderot, Denis | | | The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.
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| 40. | Diogenes Laertius | | | 3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers.
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| 41. | Diogenes of Apollonia | | | Pupil of Anaximenes and contemporary of Anaxagoras in the 6th cn. BCE.
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| 43. | Eckhart, Meister | | | 13th century Dominican mystic who was almost forgotten until Franz von Baader revived his memory in the nineteenth century.
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| 46. | Emanation | | | The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary.
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| 47. | Empedocles | | | 5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism.
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| 48. | Epictetus | | | Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE.
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| 49. | Epicurus | | | 4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period.
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| 50. | Moral Philosophy | | | Introduction to ethics, with links to other articles at the IEP.
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| 51. | Euclides | | | 4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect.
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| 52. | Evolution | | | Introduces evolution through the ages, from the ancient Greeks, through Leibniz and Descartes to Darwin and Spencer.
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| 55. | Fichte, Johann Gottlieb | | | One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel.
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| 56. | Freud, Sigmund | | | Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century.
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| 57. | German Idealism | | | The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others.
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| 58. | Gorgias | | | born in 483 BCE.
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| 59. | Greek Philosophy | | | The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic philosophers through to Proclus.
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| 60. | Hamilton, William | | | 19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy.
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| 61. | Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von | | | 19th century German philosopher who attempted to combine the idea of Hegel with the will of Schopenhauer in 'spiritual monism.'
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| 62. | Hegelians, St. Louis | | | 19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris.
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| 63. | Helvetius, Claude Adrien | | | One of the 18th century Encyclopedists who held the skeptical and materialistic views common to that school of philosophy.
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| 64. | Hempel, Carl Gustav | | | A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997.
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| 65. | Heraclitus | | | 5th century BCE. Presocratic Greek philosopher.
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| 66. | Herbert of Cherbury, Edward | | | 17th century historian, poet (brother of George), and philosopher. Sought to determine the nature and standard of truth, and conditions of knowledge. Precursor of the philosophy of Common Sense.
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| 67. | Hippias | | | Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality.
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| 69. | Humanism | | | Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement.
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| 70. | Husserl, Edmund | | | Leader of the German phenomenological movement.
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| 72. | Identity Theory | | | Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical.
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| 73. | Interventionism | | | Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by individuals.
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| 75. | Just War Theory | | | Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf.
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| 76. | Positivism, Legal | | | Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions.
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| 77. | Leucippus | | | 5th century BCE founder of atomism.
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| 78. | Locke, John | | | Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher.
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| 79. | Lombard, Peter | | | French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard.
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| 80. | Lotze, Rudolf Hermann | | | 19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel.
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| 81. | Lucretius | | | Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy.
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| 82. | Menippus | | | Third century BCE Greek philosopher and satirist.
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| 83. | Mill, John Stuart | | | 19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863).
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| 84. | Moral Luck | | | Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference?
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| 85. | Natural Law | | | Standards that govern human behavior objectively derived from the nature of human beings.
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| 86. | Natural Theology | | | Used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to describe knowledge of God drawn from nature.
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| 87. | Neoplatonism | | | The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry. Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato.
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| 89. | Origen | | | Father of the early Church, born around 182.
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| 90. | Solipsism | | | The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states.
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| 92. | Parmenides | | | Greek philosopher and poet.
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| 93. | Peripatetics | | | Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines.
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| 94. | Plotinus | | | 3rd century CE founder of Neo-Platonism.
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| 96. | Prodicus | | | 5th century BCE sophist, possibly a mentor of Socrates
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| 98. | Pyrrho | | | 4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism.
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| 99. | Pythagoras | | | The 6th century BCE philosopher.
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| 100. | Reichenbach, Hans | | | Leading German philosopher of science, and logical positivist.
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| 101. | Renaissance | | | Brief article on the transition between middle ages and modernity.
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| 102. | Roman Philosophy | | | Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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| 103. | Rousseau, Jean Jacques | | | 18th century French author of the Social Contract, influential during the French Revolution.
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| 105. | Shpet, Gustav | | | Leading proponent of Russian transcendental phenomenology.
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| 108. | Social Contract | | | View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement.
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| 110. | Sophists | | | Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias.
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| 113. | Stilpo | | | 4th century BCE member of the Megarean school.
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| 115. | Stoicism | | | Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its foundation.
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| 116. | Symposium | | | Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with garlands of flowers.
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| 117. | Synderesis | | | Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent to good.
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| 118. | Thales | | | Detailed biographical essay on the Ancient Greek philosopher.
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| 119. | Theophrastus | | | Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to Aristotle at the Lyceum.
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| 120. | Time | | | Long article about questions of time discussed throughout the history of philosophy.
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| 121. | Timon | | | 3rd century BCE disciple of Pyrrho.
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| 122. | Universals | | | The traditional problem of universals is whether and how they are independent of human perception.
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| 123. | Vienna Circle | | | Organised the development of logical postivism in the 1920s. Included Carnap, Feigl, Frank, Gödel, Hahn, Kraft, Neurath, Waismann. Popper and Wittgenstein also had association with the Vienna Circle.
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| 124. | Virtue Theory | | | View that morality is the development of or virtues.
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| 125. | Voluntarism | | | Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will.
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| 126. | Warburton, William | | | 18th century Church of England bishop, and critic of the Deists.
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| 127. | Wittgenstein, Ludwig | | | Detailed essay on the life and work of the 20th century philosopher.
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| 128. | Xenophanes | | | Eleatic school, powerful 6th century BCE critic of polytheism.
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| 129. | Xenophon | | | Pupil of Socrates, who contributed to the record of his life.
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| 130. | Zeno of Elea | | | 5th century BCE Eleatic philosopher.
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| 131. | Hume, David | | | Enormously influential 18th century Scottish philosopher. Author of Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740).
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| 132. | Aristippus | | | Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.
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| 133. | Cyrenaics | | | Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE. The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists.
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| 135. | Russell's Paradox | | | Examines self-referential linguistics used to describe properties and sets.
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| 136. | Truth | | | Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz.
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| 138. | Plato | | | Biography and description of the philosophy of Plato.
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| 139. | Rights, Human | | | A treatment of the origins and development of the theory of human rights, with philosophical analysis, justifications, and criticisms.
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| 140. | Hobbes, Thomas | | | 17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651).
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