| 7. | color | | | color
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| 16. | holes | | | holes
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| 36. | qualia | | | qualia
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| 44. | tropes | | | tropes
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| 51. | Medieval Theories of Conscience | | | Through conscience and its related notion, synderesis, human beings discern what is right and wrong. While there are many medieval views about the nature of conscience, most views regard human beings as capable of knowing in general what ought to be done and applying this knowledge through conscience to particular decisions about action. The ability to act on the determinations of conscience is, moreover, tied to the development of the moral virtues, which in turn refines the functions of conscience.
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| 52. | Causal Processes | | | Taking their point of departure from what science tells us about the world rather than from our everyday concept of a `process', philosophers interested in analysing causal processes have tended to see the chief task to be to distinguish causal processes such as atoms decaying and billiard balls moving across the table from pseudo processes such as moving shadows and spots of light. These philosophers have found, in the notion of a causal process, a key to understanding causation in general.
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| 53. | Probabilistic Causation | | | "Probabilistic Causation" designates a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory. A primary motivation for the development of such theories is the desire for a theory of causation that does not presuppose physical determinism.
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| 54. | Animal Consciousness | | | n discussions of nonhuman animal (hereafter "animal") consciousness there is no clearly agreed upon sense in which the term "consciousness" is used. As a part of folk psychology, "consciousness" has a multitude of uses that may not be resolvable into a single, coherent concept. Two ordinary senses of consciousness which are not in dispute when applied to animals are the difference between wakefulness and sleep (or unconsciousness), and the ability of organisms to perceive (and in this sense be conscious or aware of) selected features of their environments.
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| 55. | Cosmology and Theology | | | Reasoning known as the cosmological argument tries to justify belief in God by pointing to the existence of the cosmos, its causal orderliness, and alleged evidence of its being in some sense designed to include life and intelligence. Some cosmologists believe, however, that the existence and order of the cosmos can be accounted for scientifically.
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| 56. | Descartes' Epistemology | | | René Descartes' approach to the theory of knowledge plays a prominent role in shaping the agenda of early modern philosophy. It continues to effect the way problems in epistemology are conceived today.
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